The result gave Liverpool their third successive league win and lifted them up to sixth, strengthening their chances of a Europa League place next season and also keeping alive their slimmer hopes of a top four finish which would earn them a Champions League spot.
It also dented third-placed Spurs's hopes of closing in on Manchester City in second place and meant they failed to increase their lead over Chelsea and Arsenal in the race for a Champions League place.
Uruguayan Luis Suarez opened the scoring with his 50th goal for Liverpool after 21 minutes with a superb strike inside goalkeeper Hugo Lloris's near post following crisp work in the build-up from Philippe Coutinho and Jose Enrique.
Gareth Bale's run of scoring in his last five league games ended, but Vertonghen found the target again when he fired Spurs ahead after 53 minutes after the Liverpool defence failed to clear.
But Spurs contributed to their own downfall with bad mistakes from Kyle Walker, goalkeeper Hugo Lloris and Jermain Defoe leading to Liverpool's second and third goals.
Walker's bad backpass to Lloris, who failed to clear the ball, allowed Stewart Downing to equalise after 66 minutes.
"We have not come from behind to win much this season so it is a massive result for us," said the former England defender.
"But today we showed a lot of character and quality to beat a top team like Tottenham."
"We made a couple of mistakes that cost us the game but we cannot be too negative after what we have done so far. The key moment of the game was when we could have gone 3-1 up through Gylfi Sigurdsson. It's football and we have to hopefully get ourselves back together and go on another good run."
In the day's other match, Newcastle United came from behind to beat Stoke City 2-1 at St James' Park where Papiss Cisse scored the winner in the last minute of stoppage time.
