Frustrated supporters lit fires in the stadium after Fenerbahce failed to secure the title, following a 1-1 draw with Trabzonspor on Sunday, a Reuters witness said.
Police fired water cannon to disperse a large crowd of Fenerbahce fans who gathered outside the Sukru stadium, television pictures showed.
But once news of Bursa's 2-1 triumph emerged, Fenerbahce fans' anger boiled over and they clashed with police.
In northwestern Turkey, there were joyous scene of celebrations as Bursa fans streamed into the streets to hail their team's surprise run to the title.
A goal from Pablo Batalla and an own goal from Ibrahim Toraman sealed the win 2-1 win over last year's champions Besiktas and handed them the title with 75 points, one more than Fenerbahce.
